Sidebar 3: Measurements
I measured the performance of the Schiit Freya + with my Audio Precision SYS2722 system, checking some of the results with the magazine's top-line APx500. The preamplifier preserved absolute polarity (ie, was noninverting) with both balanced and unbalanced inputs and outputs and in all three output modes. Its XLR jacks are wired with pin 2 hot, the AES convention. The maximum gain depended on whether the tube stage was operating and whether I was using the unbalanced inputs and outputs or the balanced inputs and outputs. In passive mode or with the solid state buffer, the maximum gain with the single-ended inputs at the single-ended output was –6.1dB. It was –0.08dB at the balanced output for both the balanced and unbalanced inputs, ie, just below unity gain. With the tube stage engaged, the maximum gain at the balanced outputs was just below the specified 12dB for both types of inputs, at 11.74dB, and 6dB lower at the single-ended outputs.
The Schiit's unbalanced input impedance was close to the specified value, at 9.9k ohms at 20Hz and 1kHz, dropping slightly to 9.1k ohms at 20kHz. As expected, the balanced input impedance was twice the single-ended figure. The active balanced output impedance was the same with or without the tube stage operating. It was close to 810 ohms at 1kHz and 20kHz but increased to 6900 ohms at 20Hz. The buffered unbalanced output impedance at 1kHz and 20kHz was inconsequentially higher than the specified 75 ohms, at 90 ohms. However, it rose to 3100 ohms at the bottom of the audioband. With the tube stage operating, the unbalanced output impedance was 3267 ohms at 20Hz and 1200 ohms at 1kHz and 20kHz.
As is always the case with passive preamplifiers, the output impedance depended on the setting of the volume control. The preamplifier's balanced output impedance was lowest with the volume control set to its maximum, at 638 ohms. (This figure includes the Audio Precision's source impedance of 40 ohms.) The output impedance increased to more than 5k ohms at settings from –4dB to –15dB but dropped to 2.4k ohms at settings of –20dB and below.
Without the tube stage but with the solid state buffer, the preamplifier's frequency response extended to 200kHz, with excellent channel matching (fig.1, blue and red traces). However, the low frequencies started to roll off below 100Hz, reaching –0.75dB at 20Hz. This slight rolloff remained with the tube stage engaged, but now the right channel (fig.1, gray trace) was 0.1dB lower than the left (green trace) and the ultrasonic output started to roll off above the audioband, reaching –1dB just above 100kHz. The channel matching was preserved at lower settings of the volume control, but the increase in output impedance at low frequencies meant that the bass rolled off prematurely with low impedances. Into 600 ohms, for example, the response at 100Hz was down by 3dB.
With the tube stage active and with the volume control again set to its maximum, the Schiit's S/N ratios were 10–11dB lower, ie, the noisefloor had risen by approximately the amount of gain added by the tubes. (The noise, though, was still very low in level in absolute terms.) This can be seen in fig.2, which shows the low-frequency spectra in active mode with (blue and red traces) and without (green and gray traces) the tube stage. As well as increasing the level of the random noisefloor, the tubes also introduce power-supply–related spuriae at 60Hz and 120Hz, especially in the right channel (red trace). Even so, all the spuriae are very low in level. The Freya + is still a very quiet tube preamplifier.
With a balanced 1kHz tone at 1V into 100k ohms from the balanced, solid state buffered output and the volume control set to its maximum (fig.6), the third harmonic was the highest in level, at just –110dB (0.0003%). With the input signal changed to a single-ended 1kHz tone (fig.7), the third harmonic rose slightly, but the highest-level harmonic was now the second, at –88dB (0.004%). With the tube stage and the same output level and load, the second harmonic was still the highest in level (fig.8), more so in the right channel than the left, but the noisefloor had risen by the expected 10dB. The spectrum was the same for both balanced and single-ended input signals.
Fig.1 Schiit Freya +, balanced frequency response at 1V into 100k ohms (with volume control set to the maximum) with unity-gain buffer (left channel blue, right red), and with tube stage (left green, right gray) (0.5dB/vertical div.).
The Schiit preamp's channel separation was superb, at >120dB in both directions below 1kHz, decreasing only slightly at the top of the audioband (not shown). The Freya + offered extremely low noise: The wideband, unweighted signal/noise ratio, measured at the buffered balanced outputs with the unbalanced inputs shorted to ground and the volume control set to its maximum, was 98.9dB in the left channel, 102.4dB in the right, both ratios ref. 2V output. Restricting the measurement bandwidth to the audioband increased the S/N to a superb 117.15dB in both channels, while switching an A-weighting filter into circuit further improved this ratio, to 120dB, agreeing with the specification.
Fig.2 Schiit Freya +, balanced spectrum of 1kHz sinewave, DC–1kHz, at 1V into 100k ohms (with volume control set to the maximum) with unity-gain buffer (left channel green, right gray), and with tube stage (left channel blue, right red) (linear frequency scale).
In solid state buffered mode with balanced input and output, the THD+noise in the Freya + reached 1%—our usual definition of clipping—at 6.7V (fig.3). Note the extremely low level of THD+N in this graph at levels below 2V: just 0.0004%! With the tube stage (fig.4), the Freya + clipped at just above 20V. While the distortion at lower voltages was higher than it had been with the buffered output, it was still very low. This can also be seen in fig.5, which plots the THD+N percentage against frequency at 1V into 100k ohms, a level where actual distortion is starting to rise above the noisefloor. Commendably, the THD+N doesn't change significantly with frequency, particularly with the solid state buffered output (green and gray traces). This graph also shows that the tubed output's right channel (red trace) has more distortion than the left (blue). This may well be due to this channel's tubes not being as well-matched as the left channel's, perhaps due to age.
Fig.3 Schiit Freya +, balanced input/output, distortion (%) vs 1kHz output voltage into 100k ohms with unity-gain buffer.
Fig.4 Schiit Freya +, balanced input/output, distortion (%) vs 1kHz output voltage into 100k ohms with tube stage.
Fig.5 Schiit Freya +, balanced input/output, distortion (%) vs frequency at 1V into 100k ohms with unity-gain buffer (left channel green, right gray), and with tube stage (left channel blue, right red).
Fig.6 Schiit Freya +, balanced input/output, spectrum of 1kHz sinewave, DC–10kHz, at 1V into 100k ohms with unity-gain buffer (left channel blue, right red; linear frequency scale).
Fig.7 Schiit Freya +, unbalanced input/balanced output, spectrum of 1kHz sinewave, DC–10kHz, at 1V into 100k ohms with unity-gain buffer (left channel blue, right red; linear frequency scale).
Fig.8 Schiit Freya +, balanced input/balanced output, spectrum of 1kHz sinewave, DC–10kHz, at 1V into 100k ohms with tube stage (left channel blue, right red; linear frequency scale).
When tested for intermodulation distortion with an equal mix of 19kHz and 20kHz tones at a peak level of 1V into 100k ohms, with the solid state buffered output driven by a balanced input signal (not shown), the second-order difference product at 1kHz lay below the very low noisefloor. Changing to a single-ended input signal, the difference product appeared at a still very low –93dB (fig.9), and higher-order products at 18kHz and 21kHz were now visible. Repeating the measurement with the tubed output at the same output level, the 1kHz product lay at –98dB with both unbalanced and balanced input signals (fig.10).
Fig.9 Schiit Freya +, unbalanced input/balanced output, HF intermodulation spectrum, DC–30kHz, 19+20kHz at 1V into 100k ohms with unity-gain buffer (left channel blue, right red; linear frequency scale).
Fig.10 Schiit Freya +, balanced input/balanced output, HF intermodulation spectrum, DC–30kHz, 19+20kHz at 1V into 100k ohms with tube stage (left channel blue, right red; linear frequency scale).
With its very low levels of both noise and distortion, even with the tube stage active, the Schiit Freya + preamplifier's measured performance is superb, matching or better than the specifications listed on Schiit's website. My only caution is that the high output impedance at low frequencies from all the outputs will result in a lightweight balance with power amplifiers that have an input impedance much below 10k ohms. This would not have been a problem with KR's Benchmark AHB2 and NAD C 298 amplifiers, which have balanced input impedances of 48k ohms and 100k ohms, respectively.—John Atkinson
