I measured the Ypsilon Hyperion with my Audio Precision SYS2722 system (see the January 2008 "As We See It"). Before performing any tests, I ran it at one-third its specified clipping power into 8 ohms for an hour. At the end of that time the top panel was warm, at 104.4°F (40.3°C), the heatsinks slightly hotter at 109.8°F (43.3°C). With the 6H30 Pi input-stage tube, with which I did almost all the testing, the gain at 1kHz at the speaker terminals was 26.4dB for both the balanced and single-ended inputs. With the alternative 5687 tube the gain was 0.5dB higher. The output preserved absolute polarity (ie, was non-inverting) with both tubes and inputs.
While the Hyperion's input impedance is specified as a moderately high 47k ohms, my measurements indicated a lower value at low and middle frequencies: just over 21k ohms for both the balanced and unbalanced inputs. This is still high enough not to be an issue, but at 20kHz the impedance dropped to just 3k ohms, which will be marginal with some preamplifiers, rolling off the top octave. Fortunately, this shouldn't have affected Michael Fremer's listening, given his associated equipment: His Ypsilon PST-100 preamplifier has a low output impedance, and his darTZeel preamplifier has a fairly uniform, if high, output impedance across the audioband.
Despite the Hyperion's large number of output devices, its output impedance was relatively high for a solid-state design, at 0.35 ohm. As a result, the modification of the amplifier's frequency response with our standard simulated loudspeaker reached ±0.25dB (fig.1, gray trace). Of more concern is the ultrasonic peak in the Hyperion's response, centered between 40 and 50kHz and reaching 2dB in height. The peak gave rise to a single damped cycle of oscillation with a 10kHz squarewave (fig.2) and was not affected by the load impedance, which suggests that it occurs before the output stage, perhaps at the input transformer. Figs. 1 and 2 were taken with the balanced input; the peak was also present with unbalanced drive and with both tubes, though it was slightly lower in height with the 5687 than with the 6H30 Pi tube.
The Hyperion's wideband, unweighted signal/noise ratio, ref. 1W into 8 ohms and taken with the input shorted to ground, was good at 72dB, despite the presence of some very low-frequency noise, presumably from the input tube. The ratio improved to 84.1dB when the measurement bandwidth was restricted to the audioband, and to 94.9dB when A-weighted.
Befitting its size and 209 lbs—oh, my achin' back—the Ypsilon Hyperion is a very powerful amplifier with specified power deliveries of 370W into 8 ohms (25.7dBW), 650W into 4 ohms (25.1dBW), and 1150W into 2 ohms (24.6dBW). However, as figs. 3–5 reveal, at our usual definition of clipping, at which the THD+noise reaches 1%, the Hyperion delivered 239W into 8 ohms (23.8dBW), 400W into 4 ohms (23dBW), and 315W into 2 ohms (19dBW). It did meet its specified power when I relaxed the definition of clipping to between 1.4% and 2% THD+N, but these are disappointing results.
Of more concern in these graphs is the Hyperion's linear increase in distortion with increasing power output above a few hundred milliwatts. While the THD+N percentage remains acceptably low below 10W or so, above that power, and especially at low frequencies, it reaches levels that will be audible with continuous pure tones (fig.6). Why wasn't MF bothered by this behavior? First, his Wilson speakers are very sensitive (I measured 91.3dB/2.83V/m); most of the time, they would not have been asking the amplifiers to deliver more than a few watts each. Second, the Hyperion's distortion signature is almost pure second-harmonic in nature (figs. 7 and 8). Provided the harmonic distortion is not accompanied by high levels of intermodulation distortion, the ear is surprisingly tolerant of second-harmonic distortion, which adds consonant tones an octave above the fundamentals, these heard as a "fattening" or even a "sweetening" of the sound—and as these consonant tones are spectrally fairly close to the fundamental, they tend to be masked. (You can test this for yourself with the examples I included on Stereophile's Test CD 2.) When MF comments on "the immediately obvious added harmonic and textural richness," that it is what I would expect from this distortion signature. In addition, the Hyperion's intermodulation distortion was not as low as I would have liked. Fed an equal mix of 19 and 20kHz tones, the combined signal peaking at 100W into 4 ohms (fig.9), the Ypsilon's difference component at 1kHz lay at –48dB (0.4%).
I have no reason to believe that this sample of the Ypsilon Hyperion was broken and my measurements are not out of line with its specifications. Given that, it is not an amplifier that I would recommend, especially given its price. While I have found that power amplifiers tend to sound different from one another, I feel they should be engineered to be as close to neutrally balanced as possible, and not designed to produce a "tailored" sound, as the Hyperion seems to be.—John Atkinson
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COMMENTS
Now I've seen everything- A tube rectifier in a SS behemoth. Tube rectifiers are loved by guitarists for the sag they exhibit, something I assume would not be welcomed in a SS audio amp. Feel free to correct me if I'm wrong, and explain to me why.
Now I've seen everything- A tube rectifier in a SS behemoth. Tube rectifiers are loved by guitarists for the sag they exhibit, something I assume would not be welcomed in a SS audio amp. Feel free to correct me if I'm wrong, and explain to me why.
To the best of my knowledge, the tube rectifier is used in the power supply for the front-end circuit, not for the output stage.
John Atkinson
Editor, Stereophile
..given that a 6CA4 rectifier is capable of a "whopping" .15 amp of current. But it still begs the question why. A solid state rectifier would have worked perfectly here, and without the vagaries created by tube wear. Given the overall design and resultant performance of this amplifier, the "why" about the tube rectifier is dwarfed by other, far more serious "why's" about other parts of the circuit. The circuit of this amp resembles a design by Fisher from the early 1960's, using a dual power pentode to drive an interstage transformer, followed by a set of germanium output transistors. It too performed rather poorly, but it was only used in Fisher's stereo consoles where highest performance wasn't required.
Hi John,
your comment of concern over the linear rise in distortion with output power set me thinking. A simple non-linear transfer function generates harmonics that increase proportionately more than the fundamental increases as the input is raised, i.e. for every dB increase in the input (or output below compression) the second harmonic distortion (2HD) will increase by 2dB, the third harmonic distortion (3HD) by 3db etc (for as many terms that describe the non-linearity). Plotting these you get a slope of 1x for the fundamental, 2x for the second harmonic & 3x for the third harmonic when plotted in dB (or on log-log) axes. If you plot the difference between the fundamental and the harmonic you get a 1x slope for 2HD (2x-1x) and a 2x slope for 3HD (3x-1x). This leads to the "intercept point" linearity metric used in radio design. Applying that to your distortion vs power plots, which are not in dB but are on log-log axes: a decade change in output power is 10dB and the THD percentage represents the difference between harmonic and fundamental with a decade change being 20dB (assuming the measurement system is reporting the harmonic/fundamental voltage ratio, not the power ratio). Fig 3. fits a 1x slope perfectly meaning THD is dominated by 2HD (as proved by Fig.7).
Looking at a couple of other examples, your measurements of the Lamm M1.2 Reference also fit a perfect 1x slope. The Audionet Max trends to a perfect 2x slope at higher powers (at least into 8 ohms) so 3HD must dominate. The Pass Labs XA60.8 has a 1.25x straight line suggesting 2HD & 3HD are dominating but do not behave quite as theory suggests possibly due to moderate global feedback. And then there are many amplifiers with weird and inexplicable shapes to the THD vs. output power plot that may indicate transfer functions that change with power level, cross-over distortion &/or high levels of global feedback.
I think "concern" is appropriate for the absolute level of the distortion from the Ypsilon but I find the linear slope itself comforting in that the amplifier behaves with a simple second order transfer function. Perhaps such a characteristic is akin to natural sounds and our brains expect the levels of harmonics to follow the 1x, 2x etc slopes as volume changes.
Perhaps you could have the Audio Precision system plot individual harmonic levels instead of THD to see if there is a better correlation to subjective preference than a % THD number.
Best Regards
13DoW
... lead you to conclude about the performance of Benchmark AHB2 amplifier?
https://www.stereophile.com/content/benchmark-media-systems-ahb2-power-amplifier-measurements
A simple non-linear transfer function generates harmonics that increase proportionately more than the fundamental increases as the input is raised, i.e. for every dB increase in the input (or output below compression) the second harmonic distortion (2HD) will increase by 2dB, the third harmonic distortion (3HD) by 3db etc (for as many terms that describe the non-linearity).
If the transfer function is simple, please write it down and show how you derived it. For many of us, it is easier to follow equations than prose. Thanks in advance.
...you may wish to kindly explain, how you can even talk about a transfer function (defined for linear systems) in the context of distortion, which is a nonlinear phenomenon.
Innovative thinker you are, dear sir.
I think "concern" is appropriate for the absolute level of the distortion from the Ypsilon but I find the linear slope itself comforting in that the amplifier behaves with a simple second order transfer function. Perhaps such a characteristic is akin to natural sounds and our brains expect the levels of harmonics to follow the 1x, 2x etc slopes as volume changes.
THta's a great point. The more complex the transfer function polynomial, the less it resembles how real sounds change with increased spl.
Perhaps you could have the Audio Precision system plot individual harmonic levels instead of THD to see if there is a better correlation to subjective preference than a % THD number.
I do show the harmonic signature of an amplifier's distortion in our reviews, but plotting how the individual harmonics increase with increasing output level might indeed be insightful.
John Atkinson
Editor, Steteophile
The German Stereoplay magazine has this type of measurement graph for amplifiers (done with an AP), they show how the individual harmonics vary with power output until clipping.
One thing rarely –well, never– taken into account is that the harmonic structure of most natural instruments, let alone amplified, significantly changes as volume increases, with higher harmonics becoming dominant at louder levels (http://www2.siba.fi/akustiikka/?id=42&la=en). That's right people, natural instruments can scream as hell. Therefore an ideally linear power amplifier would faithfully reproduce a live session only at the same level it was originally recorded while in the meantime imprinting that fixed harmonic structure to all other volume levels indiscriminately. Of course no one between us cares about the original loudness level (some engineers do though); if it's loud enough, which is usually the case especially on real-time live sessions, then its high-pitched pattern will be projected to all volume levels distorting natural dynamics and giving a distinct shouting quality to every cry or whisper, as unnatural as an adult-size version of a child. Let’s not even mention the usual case where a typical feedback-based amplifier adds its own higher-harmonic distortion signature to the initial scream accumulating insult to injury. A decent 2nd-dominated distortion pattern compensates more or less for the aforementioned discrepancy mellowing down the recorded signal in advance just in case, sometimes unnecessarily so. Hyperion measures actually well given its uncommonly high-powered open-loop hybrid design. Tailored? Maybe – not so bad though considering that the alternative is nothing but some one-size-fits-all attempt to "neutrality", despite whatever audio gurus want us to believe.
... "pleasant" versus "accurate" as David Hafler phrased it 30 years ago:
https://www.stereophile.com/content/manufacturers-comment-0
mrkaic - an amplifier transfer function can be modeled simply by an equation of the form Vout = K1*Vin + K2*Vin^2 + K3*Vin^3 etc ...
If the system is completely linear K2=0 & K3=0 and K1 is the gain.
If K2>0 then there will be some second harmonic and if K3>0 there will be some third harmonic (and so on for any harmonic). When you multiply such an equation by a sinusoidal input (Vin*sinF) you get (Vin*sinF)^2 that becomes a Vin^2*sin2F term using trig identities and similarly (Vin*sinF)^3 becomes a Vin^3*sin3F term. The levels of the harmonics vary with the input squared or cubed etc and when plotted on log vs log axes (or dB vs dB) you get straight lines with slopes of 1x for the fundamental at frequency F and slope of 2x for the second harmonic at frequency 2F etc. Radio engineers use this analysis to generate something called a "third-order intercept point" using the relationship of the slopes to predict distortion for any given power level based on a single metric (at very high frequencies amplifiers do not have enough gain to allow the use of much feedback so you are stuck with their inherent non-linearities). Intercept Point metrics have been proposed for audio in the past though I doubt it would be very useful but I was reminded of the concept when viewing Ypsilon THD plot as it fits the straight line theory nicely. But most of the amplifiers that JA has measured do not.
Ortofan - JA's results for the Benchmark amplifier suggest the harmonics are at or below the minimum measurable levels. Benchmark are an objectivist company so I would expect them to use as much feedback as possible to minimize distortion and am not surprised to see the result. Whether high feedback is good audiophile goal is an on-going debate. Feedback does change a large but simple non-linearity into a much smaller but more complex linearity and most of the THD plots I looked at are difficult to interpret. I do not envy JA trying to add some commentary around each set of results.
One that I was interested in is the PS Audio BHK Signature power amplifier that has a tube input stage followed by a MOSFET ouptut stage, similar to both the Ypsilon and Lamm power amps. In videos on the PS Audio website both Paul McGowan and designer Bascom King talk at length about how important the input tube is to the sound of the amplifier but its presence doesn't show up in the THD plot in terms of a 1x slope due to second harmonic distortion. The BHK amp does have global feedback that has reduced the input tube's objective footprint to almost nothing so I am surprised that the tube's sonic footprint is still apparent.
ok - I wondered if the harmonic generation from instruments follows the same slope relationship. That would explain why higher order harmonics go up more as the sound gets louder. But, as you suggest, whether it is best to have an amplifier with that same characteristic or have one which produces negligible amounts of distortion?
Regards
13DoW
Thank you for your clear explanation, but I’m still a bit confused.
The way I was taught about the transfer function is as follows: it is the ratio of Laplace transforms of the output and the input. So, voltage (or amplitude, in general) is not even an argument in the transfer function. Rather, the argument is the (complex valued) frequency. Also, transfer functions in this sense cannot be defined for Non-linear systems.
My guess is that we are using the same term for two very different functions.
It's certainly true that, in the context of LTI systems, the transfer function is the Fourier (or Laplace) transform of the impulse response. Of course, there are no physical LTI systems in reality (there are no physical impulses for that matter) so all this formalism is just a very useful and convenient approximation for physical systems that are, over some limited domain, range and time, LTI.
Nonetheless, I agree that transfer function for a non-linear system seems odd to me at first glance. Perhaps, in the pseudo-static case, transfer curve or transfer characteristic is more appropriate?
I agree fully. While there are no real LTI systems “out there”, transfer functions are used when the system is close to linear. What our colleague described, is a sort of input-output correspondence that emphasizes non-linearity. I think we might be using a the same term in two contexts. He appears to be a radio engineer and transfer functions might be defined differently in that field.
If I have used the term "transfer function" confusingly, mea culpa. If "transfer curve" is OK with you then what we are talking about is Vout/Vin measured at one frequency (1kHz). John measured the 1kHz gain as 26.4dB (20.2x) but that was taken for one value of input voltage. If the gain was 20.2x for all values of Vin then the "transfer curve", Vout vs. Vin, would be a straight line with a slope of 20.2x and there would be no distortion. In this case we would have Vout = K1 * Vin with K1= 20.2 and no second-order term because K2= 0.
What actually happens is that the gain is not exactly 20.2x for all values of Vin and the plot of Vout vs Vin is not a straight line but is a very slightly bent line. After a little manipulation of John's Fig.3 I calculated that K2 is actually 0.091 for the Hyperion amplifier. So, Vout = 20.2 * Vin + 0.091 * Vin^2. If you plot this function in a spreadsheet you will see that it looks pretty straight but is perceptibly bent compared to Vout = 20.2 * Vin. That very slight bending is responsible for the second harmonic.
Now I see that you radio engineers use a different terminology. That is cool, but I still don't get your derivation (I know, I'm not a smart person, please have patience with me.).
The horizontal axis in figure 3 is in units of output power. Since output power is Vout^2/R (John uses a load resistor of 8 Ohms in his measurements), you effectively have the following equation:
THD = f(Vout^2), that is, the THD is a function of squared(!) output voltage.
In the first order of approximation, this relationship is equal to THD = gain^2 * Vin^2/R (Since in the first order Vout = gain * Vin). So, I don't understand how you got the linear term in your equation.
Hi mrkaic,
I like to think of myself as an engineer of the world but it is interesting that different fields characterize distortion in different ways even though the non-linearity is the same bent transfer curve. Answering your questions has pushed me to the point where I have to write the whole analysis down for completness! I don't know if you can send PMs on this forum - if you can send me one and I will forward you the analysis when I have written it down. Otherwise I will find a way to make it accessible and post a link here.
Regards
13DoW
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