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HR could review the Denafrips flag-ship model Terminator-Plus R-2R DAC :-) ......
The Denafrips Terminator is not new. It has been around since March 2017 and has been reviewed and discussed (but not in Stereophile). When I checked, Stereophile's Recommended Components listed a baker's dozen sigma-delta DACs, five of which use the same ESS9038Pro chip; two use the ESS9028 chip. Five others employ FPGAs. Inexplicably, there was not a single R-2R ladder DAC. Especially glaring was the absence of popular audiophile brands like AudioNote, Lampizator, Totaldac, Aqua, Audio GD, HoloAudio, and Denafripsall of which specialize in ladder DACs. (MSB does, too, but they say theirs aren't R-2R.) In my usual Herb-being-Herb-the-contrarian way, I have taken it upon myself to correct these omissions.
I like reviewing DACs
When I review DACs, I feel especially close to my readers. I mean, we all have a DAC, right? I assume also that most of you stream music from somewhere: Tidal or Qobuz or Spotify or Amazon HD or Apple Music. When I describe how a track sounds on my system, you can try it on yours. This is important because in these Denafrips explorations, I am going to be more specific than usual about what I am listening for and how I assess today's digital products by their ability to recover all the ambient and reverberant information stored in recordings.
All non-anechoic spaces pulse with audible reverberant energy. The complex time and phase relationships of these interacting reverberations are what we use to locate ourselves in our environment and assess our immediate safety. With our eyes closed, audible reflected energy tells us we are in the bathroom not the garden. Most importantly, these intricate patterns of reverberant energy assure usperhaps deceive us is a better wordinto thinking that what we are experiencing is real.
Sound recordings have carefully calculated amounts of naturally occurring and electronically manufactured reverberation. Record producers use reverb to thicken up vocals and locate singers and instruments in acoustic space. Unfortunately, adding reverb is a dangerous proposition. Too much, and the singer loses density and moves too far back in the recording's spatial illusion. Too little, and the singer sounds fake, dry, and disembodied. With the right amount of reverb, the singer displays a lifelike, intimate density. (I am deliberately not mentioning microphone proximity or the grossly audible effects of dynamic compression.)
The biggest challenge for audiophile audio is the proper recovery of all of the reverb captured on a recordingbut no extra! I have found that only the finest systems can do this. The less-than-finest systems either subtract reverberant information, as a result sounding dry, gray, and hard; or they add reverb-like distortions (such as second harmonics, phase shift, or microphonics), which make recordings sound wetter or more atmospheric than they actually are.
It's hard to say where recorded reverb ends and system-added "reverb" begins because no one really knows what reverb is on the recording. I think the best way to tell is: If the reverb you hear from your system sounds "whole and a part of" the resonant fingerprint of the recording as a whole, it is likely on the recording. Labels like ECM and 2L make this job easier by employing recognizable house-sound reverb. If the reverb you hear from your system seems different from the whole in form or texture, it is probably added distortion. For example, second-harmonic distortion fills in what would normally be empty spaces and clouds detail like a fog. It sounds limp and de-energized compared to what recording engineers use.
To put the importance of reverberant information in a larger biological context: I believe reverberation is the auditory equivalent of shadows in visual perception. Exactly like reverberant sound, the complex interactions of shadow-matrices supply the primary data that tells our brain where we are and that what we are experiencing is real. In concert with our other senses, shadows and reverberations are the dominant "facts" of our perceived reality.
Once I realized this, my empiricist mind became fascinated by recorded sounds of quiet spaces of varying dimensions. Hence, I have come to believe that the stereo system that recovers the most complete reverberant airmass from a recording of an empty church, a deserted subway, or a tent in the wilderness is the highest in fidelity. In like manner, the system that most accurately maps the perimeters of those reverberant spaces is the most resolving.
The Terminator
The Terminator DAC is designed by Denafrips's chief engineer, Mr. Zhao. It is a chipless, discrete-resistor, 26-bit R-2R converter for PCM decoding with a 6-bit processor for DSD decoding. The only major change since its introduction was the addition of a DSD module in 2019.
The Terminator is built and assembled in Guangzhou, China, at Denafrips's own facility and sold directly by global sales agent Alvin Chee at Vinshine Audio in Singapore (footnote 1).
According to the Denafrips website, the Terminator DAC is a fully balanced, dual-mono design. Its core conversion modules are constructed with 1000 (!) high-precision (0.005%!), lowthermal-effect resistors. It uses Crystek's top-of-the-line CCHD-957 ultralowphase noise femto clocks, with FIFO technology to "ensure the DAC clock is independent to the input signal." An FPGA controls the switching of the resistor ladders.
The Terminator uses a beefy linear power supply with two O-core power transformers (one for analog, one for digital) situated in a fully shielded metal enclosure just below the DAC board. This two-compartment box measures 17" (430mm) × 15" (380mm) × 4.1" (105mm) and weighs 42lb (19kg).
The Terminator has nine digital inputs: three S/PDIF (one RCA, one BNC, one TosLink), two AES/EBU (XLR, supporting dual L/R AES/ EBU), three I2S (one over HDMI, two over RJ45), and one USB. It supports data rates up to DSD1024 and PCM1536 (!) on the USB and I2S inputs. It decodes DSD natively on those inputs using those 0.005% precision resistors; the other inputs accept DSD64 via DoP and PCM data up to 24/192. As for outputs, there is one single-ended RCA pair with a fullscale output voltage of 2.3Vrms and a specified output impedance of 625 ohms and one balanced (XLR) pair with exactly twice that output voltage and impedance.
Vinshine Audio has created a set of quality-assurance standards to ensure that each DAC leaves the factory in "flawless operating condition," as Chee put it in an email. Tests include 100 hours of burn-in followed by a comprehensive examination with an Audio Precision APx525 audio analyzer to ensure that all measurements are up to spec. This is followed by a listening test at all supported sampling rates via all the inputs. Shipping is by DHL, UPS, or FedEx. The warranty is three years, transferrable.
Reverb and tangibility
If you stream Qobuz, I entreat you to test your system right now by playing Vladimir Horowitz Rehearsal at Carnegie Hall, April 14, 1965 (Remastered) (24/96 FLAC, Sony Classical/Qobuz). This is not an uber-transparent, I-can-see-the-microphones recording, but the way it was recorded makes it an effective reviewing tool. I found it a perfect test of my reverb theory. As the master strikes the keys, it is easy to hear the start, middle, and finish of individual notes and chords. It is easy to "watch" the notes expand into the air surrounding the piano. The pedaling is also obvious.
The Denafrips Terminator in non-oversampling modeit can also oversampledriving the Rogue RP-7 preamp driving the Elekit TU-8600 single-ended amplifier (with Takatsuki 300B output tubes) driving the Klipsch RP-600M loudspeakers (connected with Cardas Clear Cygnus wires) exposed the unique forms and harmonic spectra of the individual notes.
I noticed how each note's harmonic expansion activated the space between the piano and the microphones.
In this same system, the similarly priced HoloAudio May DAC sounded similar to the Denafrips in most ways. Both were open, effortless, un-digital, and smooth. The May recovered a larger, darker, denser volume of room air, while the Terminator (still in non-oversampling mode) delivered a more brilliantly lit, less-shadowy soundstage.
Interestingly, both DACs presented Vladimir's piano at the same size and weight, located in precisely the same place. (When a reviewer compares two audio components using the same recording, they may declare that component A puts the listener "mid-hall" while component B puts the listener in "the second row." What they are really saying is that the two components recover different amounts of apparent reverband also, of course, where the microphones were placed and how they were mixedfootnote 2.)
Footnote 2: The listening room also adds its own sonic signature, but I listen in the nearfield, and anyway, to me, room reverberation is easy to separate out and ignore.
HR could review the Denafrips flag-ship model Terminator-Plus R-2R DAC :-) ......
Perhaps next you could review the Denafrips Venus II or Pontes II driven by the DENAFRIPS AVATAR Transport - $1,298. and/or Audiolab 6000CDT Transport - $550.
Thanking you in advance,
They feature "beefy" power-supplies. ( is that beef Angus?, Choice, Prime, Aged, seasoned, tenderloin, ground ? ) Couldn't the Manufacturer provide an electrical description , we are electrical engineers trying to construct and maintain outstanding performance levels in our gear, aren't we?
Seems everybody ( all the other reviewers ) are spraying the ether with Denafrips praise but are we reading it between these lines of this prose, maybe ?
Still, I have to award some greatness to any outfit that can deliver High-End quality at this low price -- a Mr.HR review means an important level of high performance. I might have to buy one of these things to find out if these ladders take audiophiles to nirvana although I nearly purchased a MSB Analog DAC but Jason Stoddard kinda proved that these DACs are rather boring. I seemed to discover Tubes and Cables offer exciting experimentation .
My wrong thinking has had the DAC as a transducer, much like a Phono Cartridge is the critical transducer in an all-analog system and that it's bloody hard to hear significant differences with DACs, unlike MC phono cartridges that display immediate pronounced differences.
While R-2R DACs are all the rage in high end, the other types are the Pro-Audio people's clear preference.
I applaud this DAC Review and perhaps discovery: accurate resistors are now affordable and available ( possibly )
Now for a iPhone with a R-2R DAC chip-set or a DAC as good as their built-in Cameras.
Tony in Venice
Some audiophiles love Angus beef too :-) ......
... with exceptional care, it's curious to note that the HoloAudio May DAC directed his attention to "peddling".
Perhaps that product was in some way defective?
While either playing or listening to recordings of the piano, I've noticed that my attention can be directed to pedaling, but never to any peddling.
Regardless, in return for the not inconsiderable sum of $4,498 I'd expect to also receive a disc transport, as with the Marantz SA-KI Ruby.
https://www.us.marantz.com/en-US/shop/referenceseries/sakiruby
The SA-KI Ruby was described by one reviewer as having "the finest reproduction I’ve heard from any single-unit player I’ve ever owned or had long experience with."
The assessment of the player's DAC section was that it was "so good I doubt that most prospective buyers will feel the need or the desire to move beyond the player itself once they add a music server."
http://www.theabsolutesound.com/articles/marantz-pm-ki-ruby-integrated-amplifier-and-sa-ki-ruby-sacd-player-with-dac/
Ortofan, as editor, I take responsibility for that error. Thanks for pointing it out.
Jim Austin, Editor
Stereophile
You should be ashamed of yourself!
But thank you! You are forgiven.
(If I ever post so pedantically, you will find me dangling from a tree, hung with speaker cable!) lol..
HR only peddles tube gear :-) ......
It would be interesting to see a comparison between the Marantz Ruby CD playback via its analog output vs its digital output connected to a R-2R DAC like the Holo Audio May DAC or Denafrips DACs, using their NOS filters ..... HR uses his Integra CD player as CD transport only for most of the DACs he reviews :-) .......
The Vinshine Audio web site shows the price of the Ares II to be $1028 US. If the DAC is that good, it is still a good value. The article should be updated.
bigasherm, those prices are in Singapore dollars. At current exchange rates, that's about $752 US.
Jim Austin, Editor
Stereophile
Hi Herb, great review. I always enjoy reading your thoughts on equipment! I sold my Ares ii earlier this year as I wanted to bring my digital music closer to my vinyl enjoyment. Unfortunately, I couldn’t afford the Terminator so I purchased the Pontus and I’m glad I did! The Pontus is much more engaging than the Ares ii. There is a fuller sound with more layer and air. The nuances in the music come out much more than the Ares ii.
Schiit Yggdrasil is not a R-2R DAC :-) .......
The Yggdrasil DAC uses Analog Devices AD5791 which have precision R-2R ladder voltage dividers in them. Multibit, ladder, and R-2R are all different names for the same technology.
What's the $1698 DAC referenced in the last paragraph of the review?
Very tempted to get one. Will proabaly wait for the Fall 2020 recommended components and see what class it falls in.
HR also liked the sound of BorderPatrol R-2R DAC ...... It costs $1,850, though :-) .......
to my current budget DAC. I
I trust Herb here and I think it would be the best value under $2k, given his writing. (The Chord's form factor is not my cup of tea, nor is it a R2R DAC...)
Short list!