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You may have had the input voltage to the amplifier too high and overloaded the input circuit of the amplifier, which caused distortion. This is very unlikely to cause any damage to anything, but of course it will sound godawful. The computer may put out enough voltage to overload the amp input circuits if its volume is set too high.
With the amplifier at low to moderate volume, it is very unlikely that the amplifier was clipping, and in any case the speakers can probably handle anything the amp will put out when the volume control is set at 50%.
But the rule, always, is that when it sounds distorted, get the amplifier turned way down IMMEDIATELY!!! Be safe.
Volume controls are not linear, because to get significant volume increase you need very large power increase. Volume control potentiometers are logarithmic, not linear.
If your receiver has a numerical readout for "volume"(gain,really), rather than a manual knob, the numerical values may or not be linear, but probably not. The chances are that an amplifier gain of 35 represents less than one-fourth of the power you would get at an amplifier gain of 73 (for the same input voltage).
The actual output power does not depend only on that numerical value, however. That numerical value, the so-called "volume" setting, is actually only an indication of the amplifier GAIN; NOT power or volume.
The output POWER is a function of the amplifier gain times the input voltage to the amplifier. That is why you can set the gain to a certain value, 40 for example, and different sources will give different volume levels, because those sources often do not put out the same voltage.
When Stereophile tested your speakers, they found their sensitivity to be 88 db/watt/meter.
That means that 10 watts will drive them to put out 98 db, which is very loud.
Your receiver should have plenty of power to drive those speakers; there is certainly no problem there.
Your receiver's sound quality is probably not as good as a Marantz or NAD receiver, but that is another story entirely. It has very little to do with the rated power of the unit.