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Mozart. That was easy.
Reader "max" says he has a young friend who "wants to try classical music, but does not know where to start." Which single composer would you recommend to introduce someone to classical music? And why?
J. S. Bach, but more importantly I'd get the classiccal virgin along to a large scale performance of something huge like Mahler's 8th<?SUP> with decent orchestra, conductor and decent acoustics. The reality of the dynamic range and tonal richness of such an experience may not instantly convert the innocent but it could acquaint them with the (sad?) truth that no high-end system has ever reproduced such sounds realistically.
Modest Mussorgsky as he is, IMHO, the most accessible and understandable Classical composer by non-classical music listeners. I would start with Rimsky-Korsakov's orchestration of his Night On Bald Mountain followed by Ravel's orchestration of his Pictures At An Exhibition. These works are great enough to get anyone hooked on classical music.
Well, the first thing to do would be to explain to your friend that "classical music" isn't some arcane, unapproachable art form that you need to study before you can appreciate it. Rather, this music has survived for hundreds of year and continues to thrive today because people love it. Take your friend to a symphony concert and suggest that she listen to the local classical FM station. In other words, stop reading and start listening, and you'll quickly find composers that you like.
Georg Frederic Handel, hands down. Handel's is just such "ear-friendly" music. Melodic, happy, accessible. Almost any of his music is something that someone with minimal classical music experience can listen to and immediately "get", whether it's the concerti grossi, the organ concerti, or basically any of his operas or oratorios. It's just fun stuff doggone it! Mozart is the prototypical "intro to classical" composer and all well and good but can't beat Handel for just a simple, friendly slap-you-on-the-back "hey friend, welcome to the party" intro to "classical" music.
Tchaikovsky. Not my favorite composer, but he was a master of melody (you can hum along to the tunes) and there is some fun stuff. Also a lot of his compositions will be recognized by the new listener because they are so ubiquitous
It may seem to be a rather dull choice by some, but I think Mozart (W.A.) is the absolute best choice for a couple of reasons. First, Mozart's music is everywhere—it's in movies, plays, operas (obviously), and has been resurrected through pop culture during the last century many times. One example is the "electrified" clarinet concerto used in the the film American Gigolo about 1980. It's easy to show the classical newbie that Mozart's contribution was huge and survives still in today's world. Second, Mozart's music is so even-tempered and balanced that it's fairly easy to digest (I can feel eyebrows raising and expletives escaping from lips as I write this). It is the very definition of the classical period. Because of this, I feel it's highly accessible to the new classical listener.
When faced with this question, I always ask the person what musical instrument they like the best. Depending on the answer, I will recommend a piece that highlights that instrument. Chopin or Beethoven for piano, Mozart for the human voice, Tchaikovsky for violin, and Sor or Giuliani for guitar.